ZSHMISC (1)
Everything and then some
SYNOPSIS
Everything I haven't put somewhere else
SHELL GRAMMAR
A simple command is a sequence of optional parameter
assignments followed by blank-separated words,
with optional redirections interspersed.
The first word is the command to be executed, and the remaining
words, if any, are arguments to the command.
If a command name is given, the parameter assignments modify
the environment of the command when it is executed.
The value of a simple command is its exit status,
or 128 plus the signal number if terminated by a signal.
A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated
by | or |&. |& is shorthand for 2>&1 |.
The standard output of each command is connected to the standard input
of the next command in the pipeline. If a pipeline is preceded by
coproc, it is executed as a coprocess; a two-way pipe is established
between it and the parent shell. The shell can read from or write to the
coprocess by means of the >&p and <&p redirection operators.
The value of a pipeline is the value of the last command. If a pipeline
is preceded by a !, the value of that pipeline is the logical NOT
of the value of the last command.
A sublist is a sequence of one or more pipelines
separated by && or |\||. If two pipelines
are separated by &&, the second pipeline is executed
only if the first is successful (returns a zero value).
If two pipelines are separated by |\||, the second is executed
only if the first is unsuccessful (returns a nonzero value). Both
operators have equal precedence and are left associative.
A list is a sequence of zero or more sublists
separated by, and optionally terminated by, ;, &, &|,
&! or a newline.
Normally the shell waits for each list to finish before executing
the next one.
If a list is terminated by &, &| or &!, the shell
executes it in the background, and does not wait for it to finish.
PRECOMMAND MODIFIERS
A simple command may be preceded by a precommand modifier
which will alter how the command is interpreted. These modifiers are
shell builtin commands with the exception of nocorrect which is
a reserved word.
-
The command is executed with a - prepended to its
argv[0] string.
noglob
Filename generation (globbing) is not performed on any of
the words.
nocorrect
Spelling correction is not done on any of the words.
exec
The command is executed in the parent shell without forking.
command
The command word is taken to be the name of an external command,
rather than a shell function or builtin.
COMPLEX COMMANDS
A complex command in zsh is one of the following:
if list then list [ elif list then list ] ... [ else list ] fi
The if list is executed, and,
if it returns a zero exit status,
the then list is executed.
Otherwise, the elif list is
executed and, if its value is zero,
the then list is executed.
If each elif list returns
nonzero, the else list is executed.
for name [ in word ... term ] do list done
where term is one ore more newline or ;.
Expand the list of words, and set the parameter
name to each of them in turn, executing
list each time. If the in word is omitted,
use the positional parameters instead of the words.
while list do list done
Execute the do list as long as the while list
returns a zero exit status.
until list do list done
Execute the do list as long as until list
returns a nonzero exit status.
repeat word do list done
word is expanded and treated as an arithmetic expression,
which must evaluate to a number n.
list is then executed n times.
case word in [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] ... ) list ;; ] ... esac
Execute the list associated with the first pattern
that matches word, if any. The form of the patterns
is the same as that used for filename generation. See
Filename Generation below.
select name [ in word ... term ] do list done
where term is one ore more newline or ;.
Print the set of words, each preceded by a number.
If the in word is omitted, use the positional parameters.
The PROMPT3 prompt is printed and a line is read from standard
input. If this line consists of the number of one of the listed
words, then the parameter name
is set to the word corresponding to this number.
If this line is empty, the selection list is printed again.
Otherwise, the value of the parameter name is set to null.
The contents of the line read from standard input is saved
in the parameter REPLY. list is executed
for each selection until a break or end-of-file is encountered.
( list )
Execute list in a subshell. Traps set by the trap builtin
are reset to their default values while executing list.
{ list }
function word ... [ (\|) ] [ term ] { list }
word ... (\|) [ term ] { list }
word ... (\|) [ term ] command
where term is one ore more newline or ;.
Define a function which is referenced by any one of word.
Normally, only one word is provided; multiple words
are usually only useful for setting traps.
The body of the function is the list between
the { and }. See FUNCTIONS below.
time [ pipeline ]
The pipeline is executed, and timing statistics are
reported on the standard error in the form specified
by the TIMEFMT parameter.
If pipeline is omitted, print statistics about the
shell process and its children.
[[ exp ]]
Evaluates the conditional expression exp
and return a zero exit status if it is true.
See Conditional Expressions below for a description
of exp.
ALTERNATE FORMS FOR COMPLEX COMMANDS
Many of zsh's complex commands have alternate forms. These particular
versions of complex commands should be considered deprecated and may be
removed in the future. The versions in the previous section should be
preferred instead. The short versions below only work if sublist
is of the form { list } or if the NO_SHORT_LOOPS
option is not set.
if list { list } [ elif list { list } ] ... [ else { list } ]
if list sublist
A short form of previous one.
for name ( word ... ) sublist
for name [ in word ... term ] sublist
where term is one ore more newline or ;.
Another short form of for.
foreach name ( word ... ) list end
while list { list }
An alternative form of while.
until list { list }
An alternative form of until.
repeat word sublist
This is a short form of repeat.
case word { [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] ... ) list ;; ] ... }
An alternative form of case.
select name [ in word term ] sublist
where term is one ore more newline or ;.
A short form of select.
RESERVED WORDS
COMMENTS
In noninteractive shells, or in interactive shells with the
INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS option set, a word beginning
with the third character of the histchars parameter
(`#' by default) causes that word and all the following
characters up to a newline to be ignored.
ALIASING
Every token in the shell input is checked to see if there
is an alias defined for it.
If so, it is replaced by the text of the alias if it is in command
position (if it could be the first word of a simple command),
or if the alias is global.
If the text ends with a space, the next word in the shell input
is treated as though it were in command position for purposes of alias
expansion.
An alias is defined using the alias builtin; global aliases
may be defined using the -g option to that builtin.
Alias substitution is done on the shell input before any
other substitution except history substitution. Therefore,
if an alias is defined for the word foo, alias substitution
may be avoided by quoting part of the word, e.g. \efoo.
But there is nothing to prevent an alias being defined
for \efoo as well.
QUOTING
A character may be quoted (that is, made
to stand for itself) by preceding it with a \e\|.
\e followed by a newline is ignored.
All characters enclosed between a pair of single quotes ('')
are quoted. A single quote cannot appear within single quotes.
Inside double quotes (""), parameter and command substitution
occurs, and \e quotes the characters \e\|, `, ", and $.
REDIRECTION
Before a command is executed, its input and output
may be redirected.
The following may appear anywhere in a simple command
or may precede or follow a complex command.
Substitution occurs before
word
or
digit
is used except as noted below.
If the result of substitution on
word
produces more than one filename,
redirection occurs for each
separate filename in turn.
< word
Open file
word
as standard input.
<> word
Open file
word
for reading and writing as standard input.
If the file does not exist then it is created.
> word
Open file
word
as standard output.
If the file does not exist then it is created.
If the file exists, and the
CLOBBER
option is unset,
this causes an error;
otherwise, it is truncated to zero length.
>| word
>! word
Same as
> ,
except that the file is truncated to zero length
if it exists, even if
CLOBBER
is unset.
>> word
Open file
word
as standard output.
If the file exists then output is appended to it.
If the file does not exist, and the
CLOBBER
option is unset,
this causes an error;
otherwise, the file is created.
>>| word
>>! word
Same as
>> ,
except that the file is created if it does not
exist, even if
CLOBBER
is unset.
<<[-] word
The shell input is read up to a line that is the same as
word ,
or to an end-of-file.
No parameter substitution, command substitution or
filename generation is performed on
word .
The resulting document,
called a
here-document ,
becomes
the standard input.
If any character of word is quoted with
single or double quotes or a \e,
no interpretation
is placed upon the characters of the document.
Otherwise, parameter and command substitution
occurs, \e followed by a newline is removed,
and \e must be used to quote the characters
\e, $, `, and the first character of word.
If <<- is used, then all leading
tabs are stripped from word and from the document.
<<< word
Perform shell expansion on word and pass the result
to standard input.
<& digit
The standard input
is duplicated from file descriptor
digit
(see
dup (2)).
Similarly for standard output using
>&digit.
>& word
>>& word
<&-
Close the standard input.
>&-
Close the standard output.
<&p
The input from the coprocess is moved to the standard input.
>&p
The output to the coprocess is moved to the standard output.
If one of the above is preceded by a digit, then the file
descriptor referred to is that specified by the digit
(instead of the default 0 or 1).
The order in which redirections are specified is significant.
The shell evaluates each redirection in terms of the
( file descriptor , file )
association at the time of evaluation.
For example:
first associates file descriptor 1 with file
fname .
It then associates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file
descriptor 1 (that is,
fname ).
If the order of redirections were reversed, file descriptor 2 would be associated
with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had been) and then file descriptor
1 would be associated with file
fname .
If the user tries to open a file descriptor for writing more than once,
the shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
its input to all the specified outputs, similar to tee(1),
provided the MULTIOS option is set. Thus:
writes the date to two files, named "foo" and "bar".
Note that a pipe is an implicit indirection; thus
writes the date to the file "foo", and also pipes it to cat.
If the
MULTIOS
option is set, the word after a redirection operator is also subjected
to filename generation (globbing). Thus
will truncate all files in the current directory,
assuming there's at least one.
(Without the
MULTIOS
option, it would create an empty file called "*".)
If the user tries to open a file descriptor for reading more than once,
the shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
all the specified inputs to its output in the order
specified, similar to cat(1),
provided the MULTIOS option is set. Thus
or even
is equivalent to "cat foo fubar | sort". Similarly, you can do
Note that a pipe is in implicit indirection; thus
is equivalent to "cat bar foo | sort" (note the order of the inputs).
If the
MULTIOS
option is
un set,
each redirection replaces the previous redirection for that file descriptor.
However, all files redirected to are actually opened, so
when
MULTIOS
is unset will truncate bar, and write "foo" into baz.
If a simple command consists of one or more redirection operators
and zero or more parameter assignments, but no command name,
the command cat is assumed. Thus
prints the contents of file.
If a command is followed by
&
and job control is not active,
then the default standard input
for the command
is the empty file
/dev/null .
Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the
file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by
input/output specifications.
COMMAND EXECUTION
If a command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
it. If there exists a shell function by that name, the function
is invoked as described below in FUNCTIONS. If there exists
a shell builtin by that name, the builtin is invoked.
Otherwise, the shell searches each element of path for a
directory containing an executable file by that name. If the
search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
a nonzero exit status.
If execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a shell
script. /bin/sh is spawned to execute it. If the program
is a file beginning with #!, the remainder of the first line
specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell will
execute the specified interpreter on operating systems that do
not handle this executable format in the kernel.
FUNCTIONS
The
function
reserved word is used to define shell functions.
Shell functions are read in and stored internally.
Alias names are resolved when the function is read.
Functions are executed like commands with the arguments
passed as positional parameters.
(See
Execution
below).
Functions execute in the same process as the caller and
share all files
and present working directory with the
caller.
A trap on
EXIT
set inside a function
is executed after the function completes in the environment
of the caller.
The
return
builtin is used to return
from function calls.
Function identifiers
can be listed with the
functions
builtin.
Functions can be undefined with the
unfunction
builtin.
The following functions, if defined, have special meaning to
the shell:
chpwd
Executed whenever the current working directory is changed.
precmd
Executed before each prompt.
periodic
If the parameter
PERIOD
is set, this function is executed every
PERIOD
seconds, just before a prompt.
TRAPxxx
If defined and non-null,
this function will be executed whenever the shell
catches a signal SIGxxx, where xxx is a signal
name as specified for the kill builtin (see below).
The signal number will be passed as the first parameter to the function.
In addition, TRAPZERR is executed whenever a command has a non-zero
exit status, TRAPDEBUG is executed after each command, and
TRAPEXIT
is executed when the shell exits,
or when the current function exits if defined
inside a function.
If a function of this form is defined and null,
the shell and processes spawned by it will ignore SIGxxx.
JOBS
If the
MONITOR
option is set,
an interactive shell associates a job with each pipeline.
It keeps
a table of current jobs, printed by the
jobs
command, and assigns them small integer numbers.
When a job is started asynchronously with
& ,
the shell prints a line which looks
like:
|
|