HOST (1)
host
look up host names using domain server
SYNOPSIS
host
Fl l
Fl v
Fl w
Fl r
Fl d
Fl t Ar querytype
Fl a
host
Ar server
DESCRIPTION
Host
looks for information about Internet hosts. It gets this information
from a set of interconnected servers that are spread across the
country. By default, it simply converts between host names and
Internet addresses. However, with the
Fl t
or
Fl a
options, it can be used
to find all of the information about this host that is maintained
by the domain server.
The arguments can be either host names or host numbers. The program
first attempts to interpret them as host numbers. If this fails,
it will treat them as host names. A host number consists of
first decimal numbers separated by dots, e.g. 128.6.4.194
A host name consists of names separated by dots, e.g. topaz.rutgers.edu.
Unless the name ends in a dot, the local domain
is automatically tacked on the end. Thus, a Rutgers user can say
Ic host topaz
and it will actually look up "topaz.rutgers.edu".
If this fails, the name is tried unchanged (in this case, "topaz").
This same convention is used for mail and other network utilities.
The actual suffix to tack on the end is obtained
by looking at the results of a
hostname 1
call, and using everything
starting at the first dot. (See below for a description of
CUSTOMIZING HOST NAME LOOKUP . )
The first argument is the host name you want to look up.
If this is a number, an
inverse query
is done, i.e. the domain
system looks in a separate set of databases used to convert numbers
to names.
The second argument is optional. It
allows you to specify a particular server to query. If you don't
specify this argument, the default server (normally the local machine)
is used.
If a name is specified, you may see output of three different kinds.
Here is an example that shows all of them:
Ic % host sun4
sun4.rutgers.edu is a nickname for ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU
ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.5.46
ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.4.4
ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU mail is handled by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU
The user has typed the command
Ic host sun4 .
The first line indicates that the name
Li sun4.rutgers.edu
is actually a nickname. The official host name is
Li ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU .
The next two lines show the
address. If a system has more than one network interface, there
will be a separate address for each. The last line indicates
that
ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU
does not receive its own mail. Mail for
it is taken by
ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU .
There may be more than one
such line, since some systems have more than one other system
that will handle mail for them. Technically, every system that
can receive mail is supposed to have an entry of this kind. If
the system receives its own mail, there should be an entry
the mentions the system itself; for example,
Li XXX mail is handled by XXX
However, many systems that receive
their own mail do not bother to mention that fact. If a system
has a
Li mail is handled by
entry, but no address, this indicates
that it is not really part of the Internet, but a system that is
on the network will forward mail to it. Systems on Usenet, Bitnet,
and a number of other networks have entries of this kind.
OPTIONS
There are a number of options that can be used before the
host name. Most of these options are meaningful only to the
staff who have to maintain the domain database.
-tag -width Fl
Fl w
This causes
host
to wait forever for a response. Normally
it will time out after approximate one minute.
Fl v
Use "verbose" format for printout. This
is the official domain master file format, which is documented
in the man page for
named 8 .
Without this option, output still follows
this format in general terms, but some attempt is made to make it
more intelligible to normal users. Without
Fl v ,
any "a", "mx", and "cname" records
are written out as "has address", "mail is handled by", and
"is a nickname for" (respectively), and TTL and class fields are not shown.
Fl r
Turn off recursion in the request.
This means that the name server will return only data it has in
its own database. It will not ask other servers for more
information.
Fl d
Turn on debugging. Network transactions are shown in detail.
Fl t Ar querytype
Allows you to specify a particular
querytype
of information
to be looked up. The arguments are defined in the man page for
named 8 .
Currently-supported types include:
Cm a ,
Cm ns ,
Cm md ,
Cm mf ,
Cm cname ,
Cm soa ,
Cm mb ,
Cm mg ,
Cm mr ,
Cm null ,
Cm wks ,
Cm ptr ,
Cm hinfo ,
Cm minfo ,
Cm mx ,
Cm uinfo ,
Cm uid ,
Cm gid ,
Cm unspec .
Additionally, the wildcard, which may be written
as either
Cm any
or
Cm * ,
can be used to specify any (all) of the above types.
Types must be given in lower case.
Note that the default is to look first for
Cm a ,
and then
Cm mx ,
except that if the verbose option is turned on, the default is only
Cm a .
The
Fl t
option is particularly useful for filtering information returned by
host ;
see the explanation of the
Fl l
option, below, for more information.
Fl a
all ;
this is equivalent to
Fl v Fl t Cm any .
Fl l
List a complete domain; e.g.:
Ic host -l rutgers.edu
will give a listing of all hosts in the rutgers.edu domain. The
Fl t
option is used to filter what information is presented, as you
would expect. The default is address information, which also
include PTR and NS records. The command
Ic host -l -v -t any rutgers.edu
will give a complete download of the zone data for rutgers.edu,
in the official master file format. (However the SOA record is
listed twice, for arcane reasons.)
NOTE:
Fl l
is implemented by
doing a complete zone transfer and then filtering out the information
the you have asked for. This command should be used only if it
is absolutely necessary.
CUSTOMIZING HOST NAME LOOKUP
In general, if the name supplied by the user does not
have any dots in it, a default domain is appended to the end.
This domain can be defined in
/etc/resolv.conf ,
but is normally derived
by taking the local hostname after its first dot. The user can override
this, and specify a different default domain, using the environment
variable
LOCALDOMAIN .
In addition, the user can supply his own abbreviations for host names.
They should be in a file consisting of one line per abbreviation.
Each line contains an abbreviation, a space, and then the full
host name. The name file must be contained in the
HOSTALIASES
environment variable.
ENVIRONMENT
-tag -width "/etc/resolv.conf " -compress
Ev HOSTALIASES
Name of file containing
Ar host alias , full hostname
pairs.
FILES
-tag -width "/etc/resolv.conf " -compress
Pa /etc/resolv.conf
See
resolver 5 .
Ev HOSTALIASES
Name of file containing
Ar host alias , full hostname
pairs.
SEE ALSO
BUGS
Unexpected effects can happen when you type a name that is not
part of the local domain. Please always keep in mind the
fact that the local domain name is tacked onto the end of every
name, unless it ends in a dot. Only if this fails is the name
used unchanged.
The
Fl l
option only tries the first name server listed for the
domain that you have requested. If this server is dead, you
may need to specify a server manually. E.g., to get a listing
of foo.edu, you could try
Ic host -t ns foo.edu
to get a list of all the name servers for foo.edu, and then try
Ic host -l foo.edu xxx
for all
Ic xxx
on the list of name servers, until you find one that works.
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